See love in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "love"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luve"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "lufe"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "loove"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "love"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufu",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lufu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufu"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lufu",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lubu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lubu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lubō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lubō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lof",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lofe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "louf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luff",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luffe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "leove",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lofve",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufæ",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "love (plural loves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lovable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "loveache"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "loveday"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "loveles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lovely"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "loven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lovere"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "loverede"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lovesom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lovynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 23 23 18 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Female people",
"orig": "enm:Female people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 27 27 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
32
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
23,
27
]
],
"english": "So we learn the law of love, like our Lord taught / and like Saint Gregory said, for the health of people's souls […]",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xȷ᷒”, in Lıber de petro plowman (L, B-text), London, published c. 1395, folio 46, verso; republished as Hoyt N. Duggan, Ralph Hanna, editors, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Laud misc. 581 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 6), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "FFoꝛ þı lerne we þe lawe of loue· as owre loꝛde tauȝte / And as seynte Gregoꝛy seıde: foꝛ mannes soule helthe […]",
"translation": "So we learn the law of love, like our Lord taught / and like Saint Gregory said, for the health of people's souls […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection"
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-arr~A31E",
"links": [
[
"Love",
"love#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection:"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 23 23 18 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Female people",
"orig": "enm:Female people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 27 27 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 55 0 34 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sex",
"orig": "enm:Sex",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 9 10 9 9 7 9 7 7 7 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "enm:Zoology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection:",
"Sexual or romantic desire (in humans and other animals)"
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-SfCAuuUN",
"links": [
[
"Love",
"love#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"Sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"romantic",
"romantic"
],
[
"desire",
"desire"
],
[
"human",
"human#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 5 13 19 8 19 3 10 3 7 1 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 23 23 18 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Female people",
"orig": "enm:Female people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 27 27 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 42 6 4 11 4 6 4 4 4 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Theology",
"orig": "enm:Theology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection:",
"Theosis, sanctification, or love as a means to attain it."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-Ak9pBB7h",
"links": [
[
"Love",
"love#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"Theosis",
"theosis"
],
[
"sanctification",
"sanctification"
],
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"attain",
"attain"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 5 13 19 8 19 3 10 3 7 1 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 23 23 18 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Female people",
"orig": "enm:Female people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 28 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"A lover; a sexual or romantic partner."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-2Xnh~jGY",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"loved",
"loved"
],
[
"individual",
"individual"
],
[
"lover",
"lover"
],
[
"sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"romantic",
"romantic"
],
[
"partner",
"partner"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 28 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"A personification or embodiment of love."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-NHR7D2a9",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"loved",
"loved"
],
[
"individual",
"individual"
],
[
"personification",
"personification"
],
[
"embodiment",
"embodiment"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Christianity",
"orig": "enm:Christianity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 2 0 0 2 1 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 1 0 1 4 2 3 2 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 2 3 1 8 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Frisian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 13 19 8 19 3 10 3 7 1 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 16 16 1 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Body",
"orig": "enm:Body",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 28 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally)."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-4o5dGbQR",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"loved",
"loved"
],
[
"individual",
"individual"
],
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"Holy Spirit",
"Holy Spirit"
],
[
"God",
"God#English"
],
[
"generally",
"generally#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally)."
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A peace treaty; the ending of hostilities."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-TeyRYIZJ",
"links": [
[
"peace",
"peace"
],
[
"treaty",
"treaty"
],
[
"hostilities",
"hostility"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Permission, consent."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-QSJJwF7H",
"links": [
[
"Permission",
"permission"
],
[
"consent",
"consent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Permission, consent."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈluv(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːv(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "lave"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "lave"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "remainder"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lāfe",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lāfe",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lāfe"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lāfe",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*laibu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *laibu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*laibō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laibō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lāfe, oblique singular of lāf, from Proto-West Germanic *laibu, from Proto-Germanic *laibō; compare leven (“to halt”), which some forms are influenced by.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lave",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "leve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "loove",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lafe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "læve",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "loave",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "love (uncountable)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
105,
109
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
113,
117
]
],
"english": "Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.",
"ref": "c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunsye: Iohannes Ramsay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:",
"text": "Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly",
"translation": "Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The remainder or rest; that which is left."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-JvEcKB45",
"links": [
[
"remainder",
"remainder"
],
[
"rest",
"rest"
],
[
"left",
"left"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A widow; a woman whose husband has died."
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-JcW9kPPN",
"links": [
[
"widow",
"widow"
],
[
"woman",
"woman"
],
[
"husband",
"husband"
],
[
"died",
"died"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A widow; a woman whose husband has died."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "relicte"
},
{
"word": "widwe"
}
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlɔːv(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/laːf/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlaːv(ə)/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "loof"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luif"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "lufe"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luff"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "palm"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "lófi"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old Norse lófi",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lōfô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lōfô",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse lófi, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô; compare glove.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lof",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "loove",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "louf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luff",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luffe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "love (plural loves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"palm of the hand"
],
"id": "en-love-enm-noun-sYxgb~Nq",
"links": [
[
"palm",
"palm"
],
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Northern) palm of the hand"
],
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːv(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/loːf/"
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to love",
"word": "loven"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of loven (“to love”)"
],
"id": "en-love-enm-verb-TIFV94xA",
"links": [
[
"loven",
"loven#Middle_English:_to_love"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to praise",
"word": "loven"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of loven (“to praise”)"
],
"id": "en-love-enm-verb-683QjSsA",
"links": [
[
"loven",
"loven#Middle_English:_to_praise"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"West Frisian basic verbs",
"West Frisian class 1 weak verbs",
"West Frisian entries with incorrect language header",
"West Frisian lemmas",
"West Frisian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"West Frisian terms derived from Dutch",
"West Frisian verbs",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Female people",
"enm:Love",
"enm:People",
"enm:Sex",
"enm:Theology",
"enm:Zoology"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "love"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luve"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "lufe"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "loove"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "love"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufu",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lufu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufu"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lufu",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lubu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lubu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lubō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lubō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lof",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lofe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "louf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luff",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luffe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "leove",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lofve",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufæ",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "love (plural loves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "lovable"
},
{
"word": "loveache"
},
{
"word": "loveday"
},
{
"word": "loveles"
},
{
"word": "lovely"
},
{
"word": "loven"
},
{
"word": "lovere"
},
{
"word": "loverede"
},
{
"word": "lovesom"
},
{
"word": "lovynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
32
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
23,
27
]
],
"english": "So we learn the law of love, like our Lord taught / and like Saint Gregory said, for the health of people's souls […]",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xȷ᷒”, in Lıber de petro plowman (L, B-text), London, published c. 1395, folio 46, verso; republished as Hoyt N. Duggan, Ralph Hanna, editors, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Laud misc. 581 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 6), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "FFoꝛ þı lerne we þe lawe of loue· as owre loꝛde tauȝte / And as seynte Gregoꝛy seıde: foꝛ mannes soule helthe […]",
"translation": "So we learn the law of love, like our Lord taught / and like Saint Gregory said, for the health of people's souls […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection"
],
"links": [
[
"Love",
"love#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection:",
"Sexual or romantic desire (in humans and other animals)"
],
"links": [
[
"Love",
"love#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"Sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"romantic",
"romantic"
],
[
"desire",
"desire"
],
[
"human",
"human#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Love; strong and deep affection:",
"Theosis, sanctification, or love as a means to attain it."
],
"links": [
[
"Love",
"love#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"Theosis",
"theosis"
],
[
"sanctification",
"sanctification"
],
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"attain",
"attain"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"A lover; a sexual or romantic partner."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"loved",
"loved"
],
[
"individual",
"individual"
],
[
"lover",
"lover"
],
[
"sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"romantic",
"romantic"
],
[
"partner",
"partner"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"A personification or embodiment of love."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"loved",
"loved"
],
[
"individual",
"individual"
],
[
"personification",
"personification"
],
[
"embodiment",
"embodiment"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Christianity"
],
"glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally)."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love#English"
],
[
"loved",
"loved"
],
[
"individual",
"individual"
],
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"Holy Spirit",
"Holy Spirit"
],
[
"God",
"God#English"
],
[
"generally",
"generally#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"One who one loves; a loved individual:",
"(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally)."
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A peace treaty; the ending of hostilities."
],
"links": [
[
"peace",
"peace"
],
[
"treaty",
"treaty"
],
[
"hostilities",
"hostility"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Permission, consent."
],
"links": [
[
"Permission",
"permission"
],
[
"consent",
"consent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Permission, consent."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈluv(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːv(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"West Frisian basic verbs",
"West Frisian class 1 weak verbs",
"West Frisian entries with incorrect language header",
"West Frisian lemmas",
"West Frisian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"West Frisian terms derived from Dutch",
"West Frisian verbs",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Female people",
"enm:Love",
"enm:People",
"enm:Sex",
"enm:Theology",
"enm:Zoology"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "lave"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "lave"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "remainder"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lāfe",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lāfe",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lāfe"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lāfe",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*laibu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *laibu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*laibō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laibō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lāfe, oblique singular of lāf, from Proto-West Germanic *laibu, from Proto-Germanic *laibō; compare leven (“to halt”), which some forms are influenced by.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lave",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "leve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "loove",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lafe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "læve",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "loave",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "love (uncountable)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
105,
109
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
113,
117
]
],
"english": "Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.",
"ref": "c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunsye: Iohannes Ramsay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:",
"text": "Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly",
"translation": "Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The remainder or rest; that which is left."
],
"links": [
[
"remainder",
"remainder"
],
[
"rest",
"rest"
],
[
"left",
"left"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A widow; a woman whose husband has died."
],
"links": [
[
"widow",
"widow"
],
[
"woman",
"woman"
],
[
"husband",
"husband"
],
[
"died",
"died"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A widow; a woman whose husband has died."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "relicte"
},
{
"word": "widwe"
}
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlɔːv(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/laːf/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlaːv(ə)/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"West Frisian basic verbs",
"West Frisian class 1 weak verbs",
"West Frisian entries with incorrect language header",
"West Frisian lemmas",
"West Frisian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"West Frisian terms derived from Dutch",
"West Frisian verbs",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Female people",
"enm:Love",
"enm:People",
"enm:Sex",
"enm:Theology",
"enm:Zoology"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "loof"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luif"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "lufe"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luff"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "palm"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "lófi"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old Norse lófi",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lōfô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lōfô",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse lófi, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô; compare glove.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lof",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "loove",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "louf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luf",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luff",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luffe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "love (plural loves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Northern Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"palm of the hand"
],
"links": [
[
"palm",
"palm"
],
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Northern) palm of the hand"
],
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːv(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/loːf/"
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"West Frisian basic verbs",
"West Frisian class 1 weak verbs",
"West Frisian entries with incorrect language header",
"West Frisian lemmas",
"West Frisian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"West Frisian terms derived from Dutch",
"West Frisian verbs",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Female people",
"enm:Love",
"enm:People",
"enm:Sex",
"enm:Theology",
"enm:Zoology"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to love",
"word": "loven"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of loven (“to love”)"
],
"links": [
[
"loven",
"loven#Middle_English:_to_love"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "love"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"West Frisian basic verbs",
"West Frisian class 1 weak verbs",
"West Frisian entries with incorrect language header",
"West Frisian lemmas",
"West Frisian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"West Frisian terms derived from Dutch",
"West Frisian verbs",
"enm:Body",
"enm:Female people",
"enm:Love",
"enm:People",
"enm:Sex",
"enm:Theology",
"enm:Zoology"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "love",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to praise",
"word": "loven"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of loven (“to praise”)"
],
"links": [
[
"loven",
"loven#Middle_English:_to_praise"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "love"
}
Download raw JSONL data for love meaning in Middle English (14.8kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''Love; strong and deep affectio'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"love"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "love",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.